മൂലകങ്ങൾ, മോളിക്യൂൾ, സംയുക്തം, മിശ്രിതം തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്.
- Smallest particle of substance having all its properties
Molecules
- The term ‘Molecule’ was coined by
Avogadro
- No of molecules contained in 1 mole of gas is called
Avogadro number
- Avogadro number is
6.03×1023
- International Mole day
October 23
- Kinetic Energy of molecules is maximum in
Gases
- Names given to the shells where electrons located around the nucleus
K, L, M, N, O, P and Q
- Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom which determines its chemical property is called
Valance electrons (Valance Shell)
- Subshells of electron shells are named as
s, p, d, f and g
- Maximum number of electrons in each subshell are
s: 2, p: 6, d: 10, f: 14 and g: 18
- Substances which composed of similar kind of atoms is called
Element
- The term element was coined by
Robert Boyle
- The scientist who first gave definition to the term ‘element’
Robert Boyle
- The scientist who gave symbols for elements on the basis of their names
Berzelius
- The scientist who classified elements into metals and non-metals
Lavoisier
- Elements are classified into
Metals, non-metals and metalloids
- Elements that conduct electricity, heat and which tend to lose electrons to form positive ions
Metals
- Elements that do not conduct electricity, heat and which tend to accept electrons to form negative ions
Non-Metals
- Elements showing properties of both metals and non-metals
Metalloids
- International association which gives names of Elements
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
- Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by weight is known as
Compound
- Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more compounds or elements combined in any proportion by weight is known as
Mixture
- Element which forms the largest number of compounds
Carbon
- Second element which forms the largest number of compounds
Hydrogen
- Atoms of same element having same atomic number and different mass number are known as
Isotopes
- Isotopes of Hydrogen are
Protium, Deuterium, Tritium
- Isotopes are discovered by
Frederick Soddy
- Isotope which is used to determine the age of fossils (Carbon dating)
Carbon 14
- Isotope which is used for the treatment of cancer
Cobalt 60
- Isotope which is used for the treatment of skin cancer
Phosphorous 32
- Isotopes which are used as medicines
Oxygen 15, Iodine 131
- Atoms of different elements having same mass number and different atomic number
Isobars
- Atoms of elements having the same number of Neutrons
Isotones
- Compounds with same molecular formula and different structure are known as
Isomers
- Different forms of the same element with different physical appearances
Allotropes
- Example of an allotrope
Diamond, Graphite and Charcoal are allotropes of Carbon
- Allotrope of Oxygen
Ozone
- Fructose is an isomer of
Glucose
(To be Continued…)